super 8 mm database \ articles \ Super 8 chronology |
revised: January 2010 |
|
1965 |
In April in USA, Eastman Kodak
launched the Super 8 mm format, 8 mm wide film same as Standard 8 mm, but with a different distribution of picture and sprocket
hole. The image area is approximately 50 % larger. The film was loaded
into a 50 ft length
plastic cartridge. This magazine was a revolution in 8mm movie
cameras because of its easy use by anyone: cartridge loading eliminated the
threading of the film. Notches were set at specific points on the edge of
the cartridge for providing information to the camera about the film speed
and the daylight filter. Super 8 cameras were made with the
built-in Wratten 85A filter. The first film launched was a color emulsion:
Kodachrome II (ASA 40, balanced for photo lamp, type A).
The new format was presented at
the May 1 opening of the International Photographic
Exposition (IPEX) at the Coliseum of New York. Eastman
Kodak presented the cameras: Instamatic M2, Instamatic M4, and
Instamatic M6; and the projectors: Instamatic M50, Instamatic M60,
Instamatic M70, Instamatic M80, Instamatic M90, Instamatic M100.
At the same photographic exposition, Beaulieu
company introduced its first Super 8 camera, the Beaulieu 2008 S.
Successive improved versions of this model were excellent cameras.
In Japan, Fuji Photo Film
Corporation launched the Single 8 mm system for japanese market; dimensionally
identical to Super 8, but with a different filmbase: Kodak used the
traditional triacetate cellulose and Fuji used the polyester
that was 1/3 thinner. Fuji loaded the film into a cartridge was quite
different: B-shaped type of 50 ft. The
cartridge was made with notches for providing information to the camera
about the film speed. Single 8 cameras were not made with the built-in daylight filter. Fuji launched
2 color emulsions: Fujicolor R 25 (ASA 25/DIN 15, color film balanced for
daylight), Fujicolor RT 50
(ASA 50/DIN 18, color film balanced for photo lamp). And two
panchromatic emulsions: Neopan R 50 (ASA 50/DIN 18, B/N film
balanced for daylight) and Neopan R 200 (ASA 200/DIN 24, B/N film
balanced for photo lamp.
In April, first Single 8 camera was marketed: the
Fujica P 1:
f/1.8 11.5 mm, auto exposure control, 560 g. First projetors were the Fujicascope M1
and the Fujicascope M2.
In June, in Austria, Eumig presented the Viennette, first movie camera with
servofocus (automatic focusing), and two projectors: Eumig Mark S
(sound) and Eumig Mark M (silent)
In October, Pathe Products Inc introduced the camera
Pathe Professional Reflex DS8/BTL and the film
Kodachrome II in reversible spools containing 100 feet of
double Super 8
film. The Kodachrome II was launched in two versions: type A (ASA 40, photo lamp) and type D (ASA
25, daylight).
In Europe, Agfa Gevaert company launched a
film for Single 8 mm system: the Agfacolor CT 13 - Type S. This movie
film was made with triacetate cellulose filmbase and not with
polyester filmbase.
|
|
|
|
|
1966 |
In Japan, Elmo
company
launched the camera C300 Tri-filmatic, that accepts the both
cartridges of Super 8 and Single 8, and the spools of Double 8 mm and Double
Super 8. This
camera has 4 different magazines that adjust in the back part, one for
each format.
Agfa Gevaert launched in Europe a film for super 8: the Agfacolor
CK17, balanced for photo lamp, with speed film of ASA 40. With this
new emulsion, Agva Gevaert marketed 2 movie cameras: the Movex S
Automatic and the Movex SV Automatic.
|
|
|
|
|
|
In
Usa, MPO Videotronic Projector company marketed the Videotronic
Compact Super 8, a portable cassette projector.
In Usa, Bell & Howell company
introduced the Filmosound 8 system. A system that coordinates the use
of a camera, a projector and a portable cassette recorder. This tape
recorder uses a compact-cassette and it accompanies sound during the filming
and plays back the result during projection.
Bell & Howell company marketed the 435 Focus
Matic camera. Focus Matic is a focusing system that uses gravity to
calculate the distance from camera to object.
In Germany, Bauer company
obtained a device of film rewind for the Super 8 cartridge (90 fps approx),
that incorporated the
Bauer C Royal camera.
Agfa Gevaert marketed the Microflex Sensor, announced
as "the smallest camera in the world".
At the Photokina, Canon exhibited a
prototype of the Canon Auto Zoom 2018, a camera with 20x zoom that
was commercially viable, because the production costs proved exorbitant.
In
July, Eastman Kodak introduced
Kodak Analyst camera and a MFX film, a low-cost
security camera and special film aimed specifically at the market for small
businesses that cannot afford the elaborate equipment used by banks and
department stores. MFX film has a polyester base (ASA
200, panchromatic).
In August in USA, Eastman Kodak
company
announced its XL system cameras (name: eXisting Light filming). This system improved part of the camera
mechanism to increase the volume of the light reaching the film surface.
With the new XL series, Kodak marketed new color emulsion:
Ektachrome 160 (ASA 160/DIN 23, balanced for photo lamp). The first
cameras of this series were: Kodak XL 33 and Kodak XL 55, with
f/1.2 lens and 230º shutter.
In Usa, Bob Doyle founded Super8 Sound, a company that
developed low-cost sync-sound filmmaking equipment.
In December, in Japan, Fuji Photo Film company launched the ZS
400 - CVR System, a camera with optical sound recording on Single 8
film. |
|
|
|
|
1972 |
Eastman Kodak
marketed the Kodak Videoplayer. This new machine accepts both color
and sound Super 8 movies in standard Kodak cartridges up to 400-foot size
and plays them over your conventional TV. Visual Instrument Corporation launched
the VIC SP-1, a camera developed for scientific applications, designed to
run super 8 film up to 250 fps using the standard super 8 cartridge.
In USA, first Super 8 camera with sound-on-film recording system: Wilcam Photo
Research made an adaptation of Minolta Autopak-8 D10 for
incorporating a sound recording unit.
Ernst Leitz GmbH marketed the
Leicina Special, a top Super 8 movie camera with interchangeable lenses
of M-mount type. |
|
|
|
|
1973 |
In
April, in Japan, Canon company marketed the Auto Zoom 1014
Electronic camera. In
Japan, Nikon Kogaku launched
the R 10 Super camera.
In Japan,
Minolta launched the Autopak-8 D 12 camera,
improved version from Autopak-8 D 10, top movie camera marketed 4
years before.
In Japan, Shinsei Optical Works company made the Nalcom FTL camera
with innovative design.
In France, Heurtier company marketed the Stereo 42, one of
the first projectors that used the balance strip for stereophonic playback.
|
|
|
|
|
1974 |
In august in USA, Eastman Kodak presented
Super 8 Direct Sound System: sound recording on magnetic striped film.
The cartridge that contains the sound film was longer than the silent
cartridge. But the new sound cameras were compatible with both cartridges.
Kodak marketed the Ektasound series and the new cartridge with 2
different emulsions: Kodachrome
II Sound and Ektachrome 160 A Sound.
In June, Agfa Gevaert
introduced a new emulsion for Super 8, a mproved version of Agfachrome,
with a box designed by Frank Giamninoto.
In Germany, Braun AG launched the Nizo Professional
movie camera, a top
movie camera with Schneider-Kreuznach 11.4x zoom lens.
This
manufacturer built marketed about 60 cine cameras, all of which were of high
quality.
|
|
|
|
|
1975 |
In USA, Eastman Kodak improved the Kodachrome II emulsion
and the laboratory process. The new Kodachrome uses a K-14 process. 2
emulsion were launched: Kodachrome 40 A in silent and sound
cartridges, and Kodachrome 25 D in double super 8 spools.
In USA, Eastman Kodak marketed the
new Sound 200 ft Cassette. The base of this new cartridge has form of
sound cartridge for sound recording. In March, Fuji Photo Film marketed
the Fujica ZC 1000. |
|
|
|
|
1976 |
In Usa, Eastman
Kodak presented a new emulsion, the Ektachrome 160 G, for use
indoor and outdoor without filter. |
|
|
|
|
1978 |
In USA, Polaroid launched
Polavision, a instant film system. The film is same as Super 8
film, but with a different cartridge. Polavision phototape cassette have the
following characteristics in common: film width: 8 mm; film length: 38.5
feet; frame size: 4.2 x 5.7 mm; frames per cassette: 2800; packaged in
sealed cassette; Polavision phototape cassette requires Polaroid
Polavision Player
for development and viewing: you could watch your film 90 seconds after
shooting. Development process automatically occurs when phototape cassette
is inserted into Polaroid Polavision Player the first time.
In France, Beaulieu
company marketed the 708 EL projector.
In Japan, Sankyo Seiki marketed the first super 8
camera with Auto Focusing system, the Sankyo ES 44 XL VAF.
In Japan, Elmo
company presented the Elmo GS 1200 electronic projector with all kind
of features.
|
|
|
|
|
1979 |
In Austria, Eumig made the
Nautica, first submarine camera that was waterproof down to 40 m |
|
|
|
|
1980 |
Bauer
Bosch company presented the S 715 XL model, the best
camera made by this manufacturer that marketed about 100 super 8 cameras.
And the same year, this company launched the T 610
Microcomputer Stereo projector, a top model made
by this manufacturer that marketed about 70 super 8 projectors.
Bell & Howell company
launched the MS 30 and MS 45 models, two modular cameras with changeable
control-panels. Another camera made by one of the largest manufacturers of
small format equipment. |
|
|
|
|
1981 |
In Germany, Agfa Gevaert
marketed the Agfa Family system, composed by camera and projector.
When you shooting with Agfa Family Camera, you can a photography.
Depressing a button, a mark is made in unperforated film margin in response
to a still exposure. Markings serve to stop film automatically for viewing
in Agfa Family Monitor In Japan, Chinon
Industries launched the camera Chinon 200/12 XL Pacific, the best
camera made by this manufacturer that marketed about 120 Super 8 cameras.
In Austria, Eumig company,
since 1931 production of substandard-gauge film projectors and
movie cameras, sought bankruptcy petition
at a time when the company had 6,000 employees. The financial
losses in manufacturing Polavision instant movie system were too
great for Eumig to absorb, and the company was forced out of buisness. |
|
|
|
|
1982 |
In
Usa, Eastman Kodak introduced the improved version of Ektachrome emulsions:
40A, 160A and 160G, and changed the laboratory process.
In Germany, Agfa Gevaert introduces the Moviechrome movie film, a
new emulsion compatible with E-6 that replaced the Agfachrome film. Under
that name were sold until 1994 four different emulsions. |
|
|
|
|
1983 |
In
Usa, Eastman Kodak stopped producing movie cameras. |
|
|
|
|
1986 |
In Japan, Chinon Industries discontinued fabricating Super 8
equipment. This manufacturer produced Super 8 cameras for Bauer, Bolex,
GAF Ansco, Noris, Porst, Revue or Rollei. By 1973, Chinon
had made 280,000 movie cameras. And by 1976, 60,000 Super 8 movie cameras
per month were made.
This same year, Robert Bosch stopped producing
Bauer and Nizo movie cameras. |
|
|
|
|
1993
1997
1998
2204 |
In
Russia, Krasnogorskiy Mekhanicheskiy Zavod stopped manufacturing the
Zenit Quarz 1x8-C-2 camera. This apparatus was in
production since 1974 with about 30,000 units manufactured.
In Usa, Eastman
Kodak stopped manufacturing Super 8 sound cartridges.
In Japan, Fuji Photo Film stopped manufacturing
Single 8 sound cartridges and introduce two new emulsions: Fuji R25N
and Fuji RT200N.
Eastman
Kodak marketed a negative emulsion in 2 different film speeds:
the Kodak Vision 2 200T and Kodak Vision 2 500T. This emulsion
was launched for be transfered to video image.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eastman Kodak stopped manufacturing the
film
Kodachrome 40 and introduced the
film
Ektachrome 64T.
In
October, Eastman Kodak marketed a new
negative emulsion in Super 8 cartridge: the Kodak Vision 3.
In April, Eastman Kodak marketed the
Ektachrome 100D. In May, Fuji Photo Film stopped selling
Fujichrome RT200N in Single 8 cartridge.
|
|
|
|
|
|